托福寫作中的黃金詞匯（下）

托福寫作能否取得高分主要是看在寫作中能否使用高級詞匯，下面是小編為大家整理的托福寫作中的黃金詞匯，看看你了解多少？希望對大家托福備考有所幫助?！贰贰吠懈懽髦械狞S金詞匯（上）

13. Irregardless

What you think it means: Without regard. 你以為單詞的含義是：不管怎樣。

What it really means: Nothing. 單詞的真正含義是：它也是不存在的。 Like conversate above, irregardless isn't actually a word. When people say irregardless, they actually mean to say regardless. Regardless means without regard. Irregardless has been used so often that it actually is in the dictionary now and that's kind of sad. Even though it is technically there, there are a large number of people who don't consider it a word. You can save yourself a couple of keystrokes and a tongue lashing by just using regardless.

跟前面的conversate一樣，irregardless這個單詞其實也不存在。當(dāng)人們說irregardless時，其實是想說regardless。Regardless是指“不管怎樣”。Irregardless一直被頻繁使用，所以現(xiàn)在確實也納入了詞典，這可真無奈啊!不過，盡管它在字典里占有一席，但很多人并不覺得它是個單詞。既然用regardless就行了，何必還要多敲幾下鍵盤、多發(fā)一個音符來費事呢?

14. Chronic

What you think it means: Severe. 你以為單詞的含義是：劇烈的。

What it really means: Over the course of a long time. 單詞的真正含義是：歷時長久的。 This is definitely one that people ought to know better. When you have severe pain, it is just severe pain. If you have chronic pain, you have been in pain for a long, long time. Chronic conditions and diseases are called chronic because they won't go away and not because they're overly severe.

人們絕對需要好好了解這個單詞的含義。假設(shè)你受到劇烈疼痛，那它只是劇烈疼痛而已。如果你有chronic(慢性的)疼痛，那你可得很久很久地承受這疼痛了。慢性狀況和疾病之所以是chronic(慢性的)，是因為它們不會消退，而不是說它們極其嚴(yán)重。

15. i.e.

What you think it means: For example. 你以為單詞的含義是：比如。

What it really means: In other words. 單詞的真正含義是：換句話說。 This is one among a number of shortened words that confuse people. Here's a quick guide on how to use them. Et cetera is etc., example is ex. or e.g., and in other words is i.e. When you use i.e. you're essentially putting it there to let people know that you're going to be stating the same information in different words. Here's how it really works. It's June and I moved into my new apartment in April, i.e., two months ago.

example(比如)的縮略詞是ex.或e.g.，而in other words(換句話說)的縮略詞是i.e.。如果你使用i.e.，就表示你在換用不同的詞來表述同一個信息。下面就是具體用法：現(xiàn)在是六月，我是四月份搬進新公寓的，i.e.(換句話說)，兩個月前。

16. Decimate

What you think it means: To destroy or annihilate 你以為單詞的含義是：毀壞或擊敗。

What it really means: To destroy ten percent. 單詞的真正含義是：10%毀壞。 This one is really goofy and one day this won't be true. For the time being, decimate actually means removing only ten percent of something. If you know a little bit about words it's not difficult to figure out. The prefix “dec” means ten. However, the traditional definition of this word is antiquated and it'll probably be changed eventually. Until then, it's technically correct to use a word like exterminate or annihilate instead.

這個單詞有點別扭，或許以后就沒人用了。不過現(xiàn)在而言，decimate是指“只抽取某事物的10%”。如果你稍微了解一點英語構(gòu)詞法的話，這就不難理解了。它的前綴“dec”就是“十”的意思。不過，這個單詞的傳統(tǒng)定義比較古舊，估計以后會有所改變。但在那之前，最好還是使用exterminate(鏟除)或annihilate(殲滅)替代吧。

17. Panacea

What you think it means: A cure. 你以為單詞的含義是：治愈。

What it really means: A cure for a lot of things. 單詞的真正含義是：萬靈藥。 This one is easy to confuse because the explanation is virtually the same even if the definitions are vastly different. A panacea is something that cures a lot of things all at once. For instance, penicillin is a panacea. It cures a bunch of diseases. The flu vaccine is not a panacea because it only protects against the flu.

這個單詞很容易混淆，因為即便定義迥異，解釋起來實質(zhì)還是一樣的。Panacea(萬靈藥)能立刻治愈各種疾病。比如說，盤尼西林就是panacea(萬靈藥)，它能治療很多疾病;而流感疫苗就不是panacea(萬靈藥)，因為它只預(yù)防流感。

18. Fortuitous

What you think it means: Lucky. 你以為單詞的含義是：幸運的。

What it really means: By chance. 單詞的真正含義是：偶然碰巧。 There is a difference between luck and chance. Unfortunately, people use the two interchangeably, so much so that it's difficult to explain the differences anymore. Lucky is an event that happens by chance that can be described as fortunate. Winning the lottery is lucky. Fortuitous means simply by chance. For instance if you drop your basketball and it bounces into the road and gets hit by a car, that's a fortuitous instance. It's neutral, so it can be good or bad things that happen by chance.

運氣和機會是有區(qū)別的?？墒侨藗兛偘阉鼈兘换ナ褂?，所以很難再去解釋其中的區(qū)別了。運氣是偶然發(fā)生的一件事，可以視為“幸運的”。中彩票是幸運的。Fortuitous是指“純屬偶然”。舉個例子，假設(shè)你沒拿住籃球，結(jié)果籃球彈到路上擊中了一輛車，這就是fortuitous(純屬偶然)。這個單詞是中性的，既可以指偶然發(fā)生的好事，也可以指偶然發(fā)生的壞事。

19. Plethora

What you think it means: A lot of something. 你以為單詞的含義是：很多事物。

What it really means: More than is needed. 單詞的真正含義是：多余。 This is one I use incorrectly all the time. In fact, I almost used it a couple of times in this very article. Plethora simply means that there is more of something than is needed. For instance, you may think that 5,000 people is a plethora of people. However, when you put them into a hockey arena that seats 13,000 people, it's actually less than half capacity and therefore not a plethora. If you had 13,500 people in that same arena, that would be a plethora of people.

這個單詞是我總用錯的。其實，這篇文章里可能也有幾次相關(guān)的錯誤。Plethora是指“再也不需要什么了”。比如，你可能覺得5000人是很多人，但是，如果你把這些人放到能容納13000人的冰球場，那么人數(shù)還不到容量的一半，所以就不能算plethora(多余);如果你把13500人放到那個冰球場，那就是plethora(多余)的了。

20. Total

Total means exactly what you think it means, but total is used unnecessarily on a frequent basis. When there is a total of 50 people who do something, the total is 50 whether or not you use the word “total.” Or you might hear someone say that they were totally surprised. Surprise is not a conditional emotion. You were either surprised or not. The use of total didn't add anything of value to the sentence. In most cases, the definition is correct but using the word is repetitive when put in context with the rest of the sentence.

Total的含義和你認(rèn)為的完全一樣，但是，total總是被不必要地使用。假設(shè)總共有50個人在干活，那么不管你有沒有用total這個詞，total(總數(shù))肯定就是50?；蛟S你聽人說過他們totally(完全)被嚇到了。“嚇到”并不是一種條件性情緒，你要么被嚇到，要么沒有。句中添加一個total根本起不到任何意義。在多數(shù)情況下，這個單詞的定義是正確的;但是，如果把單詞放到字里行間就顯得重復(fù)了。

21. Literally

What you think it means: Figuratively. 你以為單詞的含義是：象征地。

What it really means: Actually. 單詞的真正含義是：確切地。 This is something that has come about relatively recently and my generation may have helped propagate this one. Literally means actually. When something is literally true, it is actually true. If I haven't seen my friend in literally five years then I actually haven't seen them in five years. People use literally along with hyperbole to show an emotion: “I haven't had Chinese food in literally a million years.” This is meant to denote that the person hasn't had Chinese food in a while. The word those people actually want is figuratively. They figuratively haven't had Chinese food in a million years. They probably literally hadn't had it in a few days or weeks.

這個單詞是近些年才流行起來的，我這一代人或許起到過推波助瀾的作用。Literally的意思是“確切地”。如果某事literally(確切)屬實，那它就確實是真的。如果我literally(確切)有5年沒見過朋友了，那就是說我的確5年都沒見過他們。為了表達情感，人們會夸張地使用這個單詞：“我literally(確切)有一百萬年沒吃中國菜了!”這是指那個人有一段時間沒吃中國菜了。這些人其實是想用figuratively(象征地)這個單詞，表示他們figuratively(仿佛)有一百萬年沒吃中國菜了。他們可能literally(確切)只有幾天或幾個星期沒吃中國菜罷了。

22. can

What you think it means: What is permissible. 你以為單詞的含義是：可行的。

What it really means: What is possible. 單詞的真正含義是：可能的。 This is one you have to nip in the bud in childhood because it's much harder to correct in adulthood. When you can do something, you have capacity within you to perform that action regardless of whether or not you actually do it. I can bang my head into my desk but I absolutely will not do it. When people use can incorrectly it is because they mean to use the word “may.” When you ask someone if they can open the door, you did not ask them to open the door. You asked them if they were capable of opening the door. If you wish for them to perform the task, you should ask if they will open the door. When you ask if you can have something, you're not asking someone to give it to you. You're asking if you have the capacity to own it. If you need something, ask if you may have it.

這個單詞的使用必須在兒童時就開始注意，一旦用錯，成年以后就很難糾正了。當(dāng)你can(可以)做某事時，即意味著不管實際行動與否，你自身都有能力去采取那個行動。我can(可以)把頭撞到桌上，但我絕對不會這么去做。有時人們錯用can這個單詞，是因為他們本想表達may(可能)。當(dāng)你問別人是否can(可能)開門時，你其實并沒有要求對方一定得開門，只是在詢問對方能不能開門;要是你希望對方開門，你就會直接問“是否開門”了。當(dāng)你問對方是否can(可能)有某事物，你其實并沒有要求對方把它給你，你只是在問對方有沒有擁有那個東西的可能性。如果你需要某物，你會直接問“是否可以擁有它”。

23. Defective

What you think it means: That something is broken or missing pieces. 你以為單詞的含義是：某物碎了或缺了部分。

What it really means: Simply that it's broken. 單詞的真正含義是：某物壞了。 You'll see this one a lot in Amazon reviews. People will say that their unit came defective because it was missing a screw or pieces in the box. That's actually incorrect. What they mean to say is that their product is deficient. It's missing pieces, it is not actually broken. The machine may work perfectly fine once the missing pieces have been re-added, which means that it actually isn't defective at all.

你會在亞馬遜網(wǎng)評上看到很多人用這個單詞。人們會說網(wǎng)購的產(chǎn)品是defective(壞的)，因為盒子里缺少某個螺絲釘或部件。其實這種用法是不對的。人們本想說產(chǎn)品是deficient(缺陷的)，產(chǎn)品只是缺少部件，而不是壞了，如果裝上缺少的部件，或許機器就能正常運轉(zhuǎn)了，所以，產(chǎn)品根本就不是defective(壞的)。

24. Obsolete

What you think it means: Old, out of date. 你以為單詞的含義是：舊的，過時的。

What it really means: Not produced, used, or needed. 單詞的真正含義是：未生產(chǎn)的，未使用的，不需要的。

You'll see this one in the tech industry a lot. People in tech article comments will comment that a phone is obsolete when they really mean that it's out of date. The literal definition of obsolete is an item that it isn't produced, needed, or used anymore. An example of this is is the steam engine. It's largely inefficient compared to today's combustion engine and even more inefficient than the emerging electric engines. Thus, steam engines are not used, produced, or needed anymore. Yes, they are also old and out of date, but obsolete is kind of the next step after old and out of date.

這個單詞在科技行業(yè)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。在科技文章評論中，人們會說某個電話機obsolete(未使用的)，其實他們是想說電話機過時了。Obsolete的字面定義是指某物未被生產(chǎn)、不被需要或不再使用。一個例子就是蒸汽機。跟如今的內(nèi)燃機相比，蒸汽機相當(dāng)不給力，甚至都比不上新興的電發(fā)動機;因此，蒸汽機是不被使用的、不被生產(chǎn)的或不再被需要的。沒錯，蒸汽機也是舊的、過時的，但obsolete是“舊”與“過時”更后一步的階段了。

Wrap up 總結(jié)

The English language is a finicky one but it's also ever changing. Words are updated and definitions change. New words are added every year and some are retired. Very few people will ever master the entire language and the rest of us will just have to do the best we can!

英語是一門講究的語言，并且一直在演變。單詞在更新，定義在修改。每年都有舊詞廢除新詞增補。很少有人能把整個英語語言吃透弄懂，那我們這些蕓蕓大眾只要盡力掌握就可以啦!

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