托福寫作中如何準(zhǔn)確使用高級(jí)詞匯？（下）

在托福寫作考試中，能否使用一些高級(jí)詞匯能使寫作成績(jī)獲得比較高的分?jǐn)?shù)，今天老師為大家整理的托福寫作中的黃金詞匯，看看你了解多少？

17. Panacea

What you think it means: A cure. 你以為單詞的含義是：治愈。

What it really means: A cure for a lot of things. 單詞的真正含義是：萬(wàn)靈藥。 This one is easy to confuse because the explanation is virtually the same even if the definitions are vastly different. A panacea is something that cures a lot of things all at once. For instance, penicillin is a panacea. It cures a bunch of diseases. The flu vaccine is not a panacea because it only protects against the flu.

這個(gè)單詞很容易混淆，因?yàn)榧幢愣x迥異，解釋起來(lái)實(shí)質(zhì)還是一樣的。Panacea(萬(wàn)靈藥)能立刻治愈各種疾病。比如說(shuō)，盤尼西林就是panacea(萬(wàn)靈藥)，它能治療很多疾病;而流感疫苗就不是panacea(萬(wàn)靈藥)，因?yàn)樗活A(yù)防流感。

18. Fortuitous

What you think it means: Lucky. 你以為單詞的含義是：幸運(yùn)的。 

What it really means: By chance. 單詞的真正含義是：偶然碰巧。 There is a difference between luck and chance. Unfortunately, people use the two interchangeably, so much so that it's difficult to explain the differences anymore. Lucky is an event that happens by chance that can be described as fortunate. Winning the lottery is lucky. Fortuitous means simply by chance. For instance if you drop your basketball and it bounces into the road and gets hit by a car, that's a fortuitous instance. It's neutral, so it can be good or bad things that happen by chance.

運(yùn)氣和機(jī)會(huì)是有區(qū)別的?？墒侨藗兛偘阉鼈兘换ナ褂?，所以很難再去解釋其中的區(qū)別了。運(yùn)氣是偶然發(fā)生的一件事，可以視為“幸運(yùn)的”。中彩票是幸運(yùn)的。Fortuitous是指“純屬偶然”。舉個(gè)例子，假設(shè)你沒(méi)拿住籃球，結(jié)果籃球彈到路上擊中了一輛車，這就是fortuitous(純屬偶然)。這個(gè)單詞是中性的，既可以指偶然發(fā)生的好事，也可以指偶然發(fā)生的壞事。

19. Plethora

What you think it means: A lot of something. 你以為單詞的含義是：很多事物。

What it really means: More than is needed. 單詞的真正含義是：多余。 This is one I use incorrectly all the time. In fact, I almost used it a couple of times in this very article. Plethora simply means that there is more of something than is needed. For instance, you may think that 5,000 people is a plethora of people. However, when you put them into a hockey arena that seats 13,000 people, it's actually less than half capacity and therefore not a plethora. If you had 13,500 people in that same arena, that would be a plethora of people.

這個(gè)單詞是我總用錯(cuò)的。其實(shí)，這篇文章里可能也有幾次相關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤。Plethora是指“再也不需要什么了”。比如，你可能覺(jué)得5000人是很多人，但是，如果你把這些人放到能容納13000人的冰球場(chǎng)，那么人數(shù)還不到容量的一半，所以就不能算plethora(多余);如果你把13500人放到那個(gè)冰球場(chǎng)，那就是plethora(多余)的了。

20. Total

Total means exactly what you think it means, but total is used unnecessarily on a frequent basis. When there is a total of 50 people who do something, the total is 50 whether or not you use the word “total.” Or you might hear someone say that they were totally surprised. Surprise is not a conditional emotion. You were either surprised or not. The use of total didn't add anything of value to the sentence. In most cases, the definition is correct but using the word is repetitive when put in context with the rest of the sentence.

Total的含義和你認(rèn)為的完全一樣，但是，total總是被不必要地使用。假設(shè)總共有50個(gè)人在干活，那么不管你有沒(méi)有用total這個(gè)詞，total(總數(shù))肯定就是50?；蛟S你聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)他們totally(完全)被嚇到了?！皣樀健辈⒉皇且环N條件性情緒，你要么被嚇到，要么沒(méi)有。句中添加一個(gè)total根本起不到任何意義。在多數(shù)情況下，這個(gè)單詞的定義是正確的;但是，如果把單詞放到字里行間就顯得重復(fù)了。

21. Literally

What you think it means: Figuratively. 你以為單詞的含義是：象征地。

What it really means: Actually. 單詞的真正含義是：確切地。 This is something that has come about relatively recently and my generation may have helped propagate this one. Literally means actually. When something is literally true, it is actually true. If I haven't seen my friend in literally five years then I actually haven't seen them in five years. People use literally along with hyperbole to show an emotion: “I haven't had Chinese food in literally a million years.” This is meant to denote that the person hasn't had Chinese food in a while. The word those people actually want is figuratively. They figuratively haven't had Chinese food in a million years. They probably literally hadn't had it in a few days or weeks.

這個(gè)單詞是近些年才流行起來(lái)的，我這一代人或許起到過(guò)推波助瀾的作用。Literally的意思是“確切地”。如果某事literally(確切)屬實(shí)，那它就確實(shí)是真的。如果我literally(確切)有5年沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)朋友了，那就是說(shuō)我的確5年都沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他們。為了表達(dá)情感，人們會(huì)夸張地使用這個(gè)單詞：“我literally(確切)有一百萬(wàn)年沒(méi)吃中國(guó)菜了!”這是指那個(gè)人有一段時(shí)間沒(méi)吃中國(guó)菜了。這些人其實(shí)是想用figuratively(象征地)這個(gè)單詞，表示他們figuratively(仿佛)有一百萬(wàn)年沒(méi)吃中國(guó)菜了。他們可能literally(確切)只有幾天或幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)吃中國(guó)菜罷了。

22. can

What you think it means: What is permissible. 你以為單詞的含義是：可行的。

What it really means: What is possible. 單詞的真正含義是：可能的。 This is one you have to nip in the bud in childhood because it's much harder to correct in adulthood. When you can do something, you have capacity within you to perform that action regardless of whether or not you actually do it. I can bang my head into my desk but I absolutely will not do it. When people use can incorrectly it is because they mean to use the word “may.” When you ask someone if they can open the door, you did not ask them to open the door. You asked them if they were capable of opening the door. If you wish for them to perform the task, you should ask if they will open the door. When you ask if you can have something, you're not asking someone to give it to you. You're asking if you have the capacity to own it. If you need something, ask if you may have it.

這個(gè)單詞的使用必須在兒童時(shí)就開(kāi)始注意，一旦用錯(cuò)，成年以后就很難糾正了。當(dāng)你can(可以)做某事時(shí)，即意味著不管實(shí)際行動(dòng)與否，你自身都有能力去采取那個(gè)行動(dòng)。我can(可以)把頭撞到桌上，但我絕對(duì)不會(huì)這么去做。有時(shí)人們錯(cuò)用can這個(gè)單詞，是因?yàn)樗麄儽鞠氡磉_(dá)may(可能)。當(dāng)你問(wèn)別人是否can(可能)開(kāi)門時(shí)，你其實(shí)并沒(méi)有要求對(duì)方一定得開(kāi)門，只是在詢問(wèn)對(duì)方能不能開(kāi)門;要是你希望對(duì)方開(kāi)門，你就會(huì)直接問(wèn)“是否開(kāi)門”了。當(dāng)你問(wèn)對(duì)方是否can(可能)有某事物，你其實(shí)并沒(méi)有要求對(duì)方把它給你，你只是在問(wèn)對(duì)方有沒(méi)有擁有那個(gè)東西的可能性。如果你需要某物，你會(huì)直接問(wèn)“是否可以擁有它”。

23. Defective

What you think it means: That something is broken or missing pieces. 你以為單詞的含義是：某物碎了或缺了部分。

What it really means: Simply that it's broken. 單詞的真正含義是：某物壞了。 You'll see this one a lot in Amazon reviews. People will say that their unit came defective because it was missing a screw or pieces in the box. That's actually incorrect. What they mean to say is that their product is deficient. It's missing pieces, it is not actually broken. The machine may work perfectly fine once the missing pieces have been re-added, which means that it actually isn't defective at all.

你會(huì)在亞馬遜網(wǎng)評(píng)上看到很多人用這個(gè)單詞。人們會(huì)說(shuō)網(wǎng)購(gòu)的產(chǎn)品是defective(壞的)，因?yàn)楹凶永锶鄙倌硞€(gè)螺絲釘或部件。其實(shí)這種用法是不對(duì)的。人們本想說(shuō)產(chǎn)品是deficient(缺陷的)，產(chǎn)品只是缺少部件，而不是壞了，如果裝上缺少的部件，或許機(jī)器就能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了，所以，產(chǎn)品根本就不是defective(壞的)。

24. Obsolete

What you think it means: Old, out of date. 你以為單詞的含義是：舊的，過(guò)時(shí)的。

What it really means: Not produced, used, or needed. 單詞的真正含義是：未生產(chǎn)的，未使用的，不需要的。

You'll see this one in the tech industry a lot. People in tech article comments will comment that a phone is obsolete when they really mean that it's out of date. The literal definition of obsolete is an item that it isn't produced, needed, or used anymore. An example of this is is the steam engine. It's largely inefficient compared to today's combustion engine and even more inefficient than the emerging electric engines. Thus, steam engines are not used, produced, or needed anymore. Yes, they are also old and out of date, but obsolete is kind of the next step after old and out of date.

這個(gè)單詞在科技行業(yè)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。在科技文章評(píng)論中，人們會(huì)說(shuō)某個(gè)電話機(jī)obsolete(未使用的)，其實(shí)他們是想說(shuō)電話機(jī)過(guò)時(shí)了。Obsolete的字面定義是指某物未被生產(chǎn)、不被需要或不再使用。一個(gè)例子就是蒸汽機(jī)。跟如今的內(nèi)燃機(jī)相比，蒸汽機(jī)相當(dāng)不給力，甚至都比不上新興的電發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī);因此，蒸汽機(jī)是不被使用的、不被生產(chǎn)的或不再被需要的。沒(méi)錯(cuò)，蒸汽機(jī)也是舊的、過(guò)時(shí)的，但obsolete是“舊”與“過(guò)時(shí)”更后一步的階段了。

Wrap up 總結(jié)

The English language is a finicky one but it's also ever changing. Words are updated and definitions change. New words are added every year and some are retired. Very few people will ever master the entire language and the rest of us will just have to do the best we can!

英語(yǔ)是一門講究的語(yǔ)言，并且一直在演變。單詞在更新，定義在修改。每年都有舊詞廢除新詞增補(bǔ)。很少有人能把整個(gè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言吃透弄懂，那我們這些蕓蕓大眾只要盡力掌握就可以啦!

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