托福寫(xiě)作概括能力訓(xùn)練

在托福寫(xiě)作備考的過(guò)程中，比較注重于對(duì)于綜合閱讀文章的總結(jié)和闡釋?zhuān)牵覀冇植荒芡耆粘渲械脑?。所以，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，概括能力和轉(zhuǎn)述能力成為了綜合寫(xiě)作的兩大核心能力。今天為大家?guī)?lái)托福寫(xiě)作概括能力訓(xùn)練。

在綜合寫(xiě)作中，對(duì)綜合寫(xiě)作閱讀內(nèi)容的總結(jié)和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，因此 概括能力(summarization skills)和 轉(zhuǎn)述能力(paraphrasing skills)成為了綜合寫(xiě)作的兩大核心能力。

所謂概括能力，是指將段落中的論據(jù)或細(xì)節(jié)通過(guò)遞進(jìn)、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系進(jìn)行組織。

我們來(lái)看下列的段落：

The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.

這個(gè)段落的分論點(diǎn)是many online options(在線(xiàn)選項(xiàng))可以幫助很多問(wèn)卷調(diào)查者(respondents)更好地完成問(wèn)卷。通過(guò)論據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)的展開(kāi)，我們知道這些 online options 既包括 glossary 對(duì)不熟悉的單詞進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)职╡asy submission.

所以用一句話(huà)來(lái)概括這段話(huà)，應(yīng)該為：

There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.

再如：Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.

這個(gè)段落的分論點(diǎn)是 genetically modified trees(轉(zhuǎn)基因樹(shù)木)帶來(lái)許多經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。通過(guò)論據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)的展開(kāi)，我們知道這是因?yàn)?genetically modified trees 生長(zhǎng)的更快、產(chǎn)量更大、更為耐寒;而這些特質(zhì)使得樹(shù)農(nóng)投資回報(bào)更快、更多，并且節(jié)約了殺蟲(chóng)劑的開(kāi)支。

用一句話(huà)來(lái)概括這段話(huà)，應(yīng)該為：

Genetically modified trees bring tree farmers many economic benefits, including favorable returns on their investment and savings on pesticides.

所謂轉(zhuǎn)述能力，是指需要通過(guò)明顯地改變?cè)浔磉_(dá)方式或者濃縮、提煉核心意思去改寫(xiě)原文。

>>> 方法一：同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換法

Youngsters who watched educational children’s television for several hours a week had higher scores on academic tests three years later.

尋找youngsters, educational children’s television, several, higher scores等單詞或短語(yǔ)的同義詞，原句轉(zhuǎn)述為：

Young children who watched a few hours of educational programs a week had better test scores three years later.

>>> 方法二：詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法

Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.

轉(zhuǎn)化為benefit(動(dòng)詞)：

Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.

轉(zhuǎn)化為beneficial(形容詞)：

Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.

beneficiaries(名詞，表示人)：

Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.

>>> 方法三：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法

For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased.

將原句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(could be purchased)轉(zhuǎn)化為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(people could purchase)：

For the same price as one paperback novel, people could purchase several book files.

>>> 方法四：句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法

句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法是最為常用的方法——通過(guò)將句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，進(jìn)而對(duì)原有的句子進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，即包括簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換，也包括不同從句(包括賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句等)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，以及不同句型結(jié)構(gòu)的使用(包括形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、插入語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)等)。

(1)簡(jiǎn)單句和從句子間的轉(zhuǎn)換

There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology.(簡(jiǎn)單句)

Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.(原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

(2)賓語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換

The study suggests that television may have a positive influence on children’s intellectual development. (賓語(yǔ)從句)

According to the study, television may positively influence the way that children’s intelligence develops. (定語(yǔ)從句)

(3)非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的使用

If students can receive instructions at home on the television, they can save time, money, and fuel on transportation.(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

Receiving instructions from television at home, students can save time,money, and fuel on transportation. (非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))

The carbon dioxide leads to the worldwide greenhouse effect, which causes the sea level to rise and produces negative impacts on weather.(定語(yǔ)從句)

The carbon dioxide raises the sea level and negatively influences weather, leadingto the greenhouse effect worldwide.(非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))

在綜合寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，句子轉(zhuǎn)述的四種方法很少“單獨(dú)使用”，而往往“組合使用”。

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